The tradition of archaeology in the Americas (both North and South America) is defined by cross-cultural comparative research that draws heavily on an innovative tradition of regional-scale fieldwork.
Many early archaeo-pioneers worked in multiple culture areas of the Americas, seeking direct connections between the archaeological record and living or historical indigenous peoples, and fostering close ties with the related field of anthropology as a result.
WPA trowel men at work,Thompson Village Site,Tennessee. Image courtesy of the Frank H. McClung Museum, University of Tennessee (62HY5[B]This brief overview covers seminal developments in stratigraphic excavation (the idea that time deposits artifacts in successive layers- the lower the layer, the older the artifact), regional survey, and other field methods within their historical and geographic context.
Such pioneering archaeological efforts across the globe are often lauded for their early attention to stratigraphy and the association of geological or cultural strata with change in human societies over time. In the Americas, as in other parts of the globe, such attention was often the result of non-systematic excavations into mounds of anthropomorphic origin. In other words- ‘grave robbers’. Continue reading by clicking here.For the Silo, David M. Carballo /academia.edu / Department of Archaeology, Boston University/ Jarrod Barker.
Featured image- Archaeological Pioneers Of The Americas Gordon Willey Tula Mexico
Cahokia – Kunnemann Group submitted by durhamnature. Excavation of Kunnemann Mound, one of 6-11, from “Cahokia Mounds” via Archive.org
Baku, Azerbaijan, July—The city of Fuzhou (China) will host the next session of the World Heritage Committee in 2020. This decision concluded the work of the 43rd session of the World Heritage Committee, meeting in Baku since 30 June.
During this year’s session, the World Heritage Committee inscribed a total of 29 new sites on the World Heritage List (one in Africa, two in the Arab States, ten in the Asia Pacific region, 15 in Europe and North America including Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada and one in Latin America).
The World Heritage List now features 1,121 sites in 167 countries.
The
Committee approved the removal from the List of World Heritage in
Danger of the sites of Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works
(Chile) and Birthplace of Jesus: the Church of the Nativity and
Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem (Palestine). One property has been added to
the List of World Heritage in Danger: the Islands and Protected Areas of
the Gulf of California (Mexico).
This
session reaffirmed the potential of heritage in strengthening
cooperation between States, with the inscription of the transboundary
site of the Erzgebirge Mining Region/Krušnohoří (shared by Germany and
Czechia) and the extension into Albania of the natural and cultural
heritage site of the Ohrid Region (Northern Macedonia).
Cooperation and mediation work on heritage also allowed for consensus on decisions regarding the Middle East thanks to constructive discussion with the delegations concerned, notably Israel, Jordan and Palestine.
Several
major archaeological sites were added to the List, including the Dilmun
Burial Mounds (Bahrain), the Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of
Burkina Faso and the iconic site of Babylon (Iraq), once the centre of
the Neo-Babylonian Empire and site of the Hanging Gardens, one of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which have inspired artistic,
popular and religious culture worldwide.
The
inscription of Babylon, combined with significant investment by Iraq,
contributes to UNESCO’s efforts to rebuild the country and its flagship
Reviving the Spirit of Mosul initiative.
Sites
essential for the preservation of global biodiversity have also been
inscribed. They include the Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast
of Yellow Sea-Bohai Gulf of China (Phase I) (China) and the site of the
French Austral Lands and Seas (France) with a record surface area of
over 67 million hectares that is home to one of the highest
concentrations of birds and marine mammals in the world.
Finally, the inscription of the sites of Budj Bim Cultural Landscape within Australia’s Gundijmara Aboriginal region, and of Canada’s Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi, a sacred landscape of the Blackfoot (Siksikáítsitapi) people, recognizes the knowledge of indigenous peoples, essential for the preservation of cultural and natural heritage.
Significant
efforts are still needed to enhance and preserve African heritage,
which remains largely under-represented on the List. UNESCO also renewed
its call for unflagging rigour, integrity and responsibility in the
examination of nominations so as to ensure the credibility of the World
Heritage Convention and its future standing.
The new natural sites are:
Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow Sea-Bohai Gulf of China (Phase I) (China)
French Austral Lands and Seas (France)
Vatnajökull National Park – dynamic nature of fire and ice (Iceland)
Hyrcanian Forests (Islamic Republic of Iran)
Mixed site:
Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity (Brazil)
Cultural sites:
Budj Bim Cultural Landscape (Australia)
Historic Centre of Sheki with the Khan’s Palace (Azerbaijan)
Dilmun Burial Mounds (Bahrain)
Ancient ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso (Burkina Faso)
Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi (Canada)
Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City (China)
Landscape for Breeding and Training of Ceremonial Carriage Horses at Kladruby nad Labem (Czechia)
Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region (Czechia, Germany)
Water Management System of Augsburg (Germany)
Jaipur City, Rajasthan (India)
Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (Indonesia)
Babylon (Iraq)
Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene (Italy)
Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan (Japan)
Bagan (Myanmar)
Megalithic Jar Sites in Xiengkhuang – Plain of Jars (Lao People’s Democratic Republic)
Krzemionki Prehistoric Striped Flint Mining Region (Poland)
Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga (Portugal)
Royal Building of Mafra – Palace, Basilica, Convent, Cerco Garden and Hunting Park (Tapada) (Portugal)
Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies (Republic of Korea)
Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture (Russian Federation)
Risco Caido and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria Cultural Landscape (Spain)
Jodrell Bank Observatory (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
